Brazil, with its vast land area rich in natural resources, a vibrant and enterprising people, and the advent of modern communication and transportation, has recently come to be center stage in world economic development. Keeping pace with the new demand, the Brazilian people have recently, in the past 20-30 years, made significant advances toward a judicial system that allows fair participation for all of its citizens as well as foreign investors

Background on the Brazilian Legal System

Emerging from a repressive military dictatorship, a National Assembly of 559 members charted the new Constitution of Brazil of 1988. The “Carta” as it is often called, is a complex, 150 page document with 245 articles and 73 transitional provisions that makes not only fundamental democratic provisions, but also specific provisions on more than 400 subjects such as environmental protection, labor relations, children’s rights, science and technology, hunting, fishing, eviction laws, and much more. The system of jurisprudence set up to support the Constitution is equally complex. There is a State judicial branch and a Federal branch based on civil law statutes with parallel courts for labor law, electoral law and military law. Brazil’s new system is similar to the civil law systems of Western European countries, especially France. The increased complexity of the Brazilian system comes in the addition of an almost endless chain of possible appeals and the fact that many cases become constitutional issues due to the specificity of the constitution. In addition, the highest Brazilian court, the Supreme Federal Court, in Portuguese, the Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), must adjudicate on every case that comes before it making its workload enormous.

After 1988, more reform was needed to prevent gridlock due to overload of the system, which fortunately could be brought about by legal action through the new Constitution. One major change came in the Amendment to the Constitution 45 passed in 2004 that provided a mechanism similar to “stare decisis” or decisions based on the resolution of past cases. A second major change has been the approbation and validation in the Brazilian code of the use of arbitration as a means to settle disputes. Brazil’s supreme court has affirmed the constitutionality of the nation’s 1996 arbitration law, and in another milestone development the Federal Republic of Brazil acceded in 2002 to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards.

Since 1995, other amendments to the 1988 Federal Constitution have been passed into law opening formerly closed sections of the Brazilian economy such as oil and gas, mining, energy and telecommunications to foreign direct investment (FDI), and Brazil has maintained its position of one of the world’s most favored destinations for FDI worldwide in recent years.

Current Situation

The process of Brazilian internationalization is still in its infancy, however. Foreign investors in Brazil do not yet benefit from the framework set by the 1965 Convention on the Settlement of Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID Convention), nor do they benefit from the protection of bilateral investment treaties (BITs), since Brazil has not yet ratified any of the 14 BITs it entered into with different countries in the 1990s.

Thus with the Brazilian legal system as complex as it is and with many new and ongoing developments in arbitration and international relations as well as constitutional issues, the Brazilian legal translator must be trained and updated to remain current of all forms and practices.

Legal Translations in Brazil

The field of Brazilian legal translation has become an important field given the increased participation of Brazil in the world economy. Whereas formerly most Brazilian legal cases were internal and conducted comfortably in Portuguese, today foreign entities doing business in Brazil or Brazilian firms involved in other parts of the world present their cases in international courts and courts of arbitration in a variety of languages, and often these cases must be revalidated back in Brazil. Legal translations from and into Portuguese must be done with the utmost accuracy to assure they will not be rejected in court due to format, meaning or details.

Considerations when choosing a Portuguese legal translator

When translating into Brazilian Portuguese, the translator must be a native Brazilian speaker as well as be proficient in the source language. While editors may be called upon to polish the final text in the target language, the Brazilian translator must capture the whole meaning and innuendo of the original text. On the other hand, we recommend that all documents translated into/from Portuguese for use in international or Brazilian courts be edited and proof-read by an editor of the original language working in conjunct with the Portuguese to help corroborate the meaning. The Portugues Translator must also be updated in the latest developments in Brazilian law and arbitration.

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Representative Dennis Kucinich (D-OH) speaking at the Democratic National Convention

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At the Democratic convention would Hillary be President and Obama VP or the other way around?
Both are doing very well. At the Democratic convention one of them downgrading from Pesidential candidate to Vice Presidential candidate would not guarantee later similar Presidential campaign success.

In fact if Hillary wins and has a rough Presidential term, Obama as her VP may never have a chance to run successfully for the Presidency again.

What do you think will happen?

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Portuguese Translation Service provided this article.

The Democratic Party had been shaped by President Martin Van Buren but was transformed by events in the nation and by Andrew Jackson’s popularity with the voters. Whereas once congressional caucuses had played a key role in choosing the political candidate, the national convention had assumed that function, and not only national but also state politicians now played an important role in political campaigns.

Under Jackson, the Democratic Party had become, in a sense, a party that had achieved success because of the president’s willingness to divide Americans during the political campaign. Jackson drew a distinction between the wealthy and the poor, the laborers and the business owners, and even divided Southerners and Westerners from those in the East.

Jackson’s legacy was a challenging one for Van Buren who, though a seasoned politician, had none of Jackson’s political campaign charisma. Van Buren was further burdened by the legacy of Jackson’s economic policies. Only weeks after Van Buren took office, New York banks began to cut back on loans in an effort to bring a halt to widespread speculation.

Soon, banks across the country followed suit and a panic resulted in the worst depression the nation had known. Banks and businesses closed down, and unemployment rose to record levels. Van Buren insisted on following Jackson’s policies of accepting only hard currency (gold and silver) rather than paper money, refusing to charter a national bank, and taking few steps that could stem the crisis.

Of course, from a political campaigning point of view, this was likely not the most prudent move that he could have made. The Whig Party, which was a staunch band of opponents, seized on the opportunity that the financial crisis offered and quickly made made a campaign issue out of it.

As President James Madison’s second term in office came to an end, the Republican nominating political campaign nominating committee chose James Monroe as Madison’s successor. Daniel Tompkins, the former governor of New York, was chosen as his running mate for the campaign.

Some Republicans grumbled about a “Virginia dynasty”–like Madison and Jefferson, Monroe was a Virginia native–but the only serious challenger Monroe faced for Republican political campaign nomination was another Southerner, William Crawford, who had also been born in Virginia.

The Republicans had hit on a winning political campaign formula: a presidential candidate from Virginia whose running mate was a former governor of New York. Monroe easily won election over his Federalist challenger, Rufus King of New York, who made no effort to campaign and won only three states (Massachusetts, Connecticut and Delaware) to Monroe’s 16.

The ease with with Monroe had won the political campaign election and the general disarray of the Federalists seemed to suggest that America would evolve into a single-party nation–or perhaps a nation with no political parties at all. Andrew Jackson, serving as commander of the federal army in the South, suggested to Monroe that he bring an end to the party system by ignoring party affiliation when choosing his cabinet. Monroe was not yet willing to do so; however, he did choose John Quincy Adams, son of the last Federalist president to win a political campaign, to serve as his secretary of state.

Monroe began his presidency with a tour of the states; he was the first president to do so since George Washington. His tour prompted such a favorable response from the people, who relished the opportunity to see their president, that the early years of his presidency were soon described as the “Era of Good Feelings.” The country continued to expand to the south and west, and four new states–Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, and Mississippi–joined the Union.

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8.25.08 Sen. Ted Kennedy, recently undergoing surgery for a brain tumor, made a surprise speech to the Democratic Convention in Denver

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democratic convention?
now that the convention is over has this helped in your decision on who to vote for

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Further information: Biometrics in schools

Various schools have implemented fingerprint locks or registered children’s fingerprints. This happened in the United Kingdom (fingerprint lock in the Holland Park School in London,39 databases, etc.),40 in Belgium (école Marie-José in Liège4142), in France, in Italy, etc. The NGO Privacy International has alerted that tens of thousands of UK school children were being fingerprinted by schools, often without the knowledge or consent of their parents.43 In 2002, the supplier Micro Librarian Systems, which use a technology similar to US prisons and German military, estimated that 350 schools through-out Britain were using such systems, to replace ” rel=”external nofollow” target=”_blank” href=”http://www.china-printing.net/”>library cards.43 In 2007, it is estimated that 3 500 schools (ten times more) are using such systems.44 Under the Data Protection Act (DPA), schools in the UK do not have to ask parental consent for such practices. Parents opposed to such practices may only bring individual complaints against schools.45

In Belgium, this practice gave rise to a question in Parliament on February 6, 2007 by Michel de La Motte (Humanist Democratic Centre) to the Education Minister Marie Arena, who replied that they were legal insofar as the school did not use them for external purposes nor to survey the private life of children.46 Such practices have also been used in France (Angers, Carqueiranne college in the Var ? the latter won the Big Brother Award of 2005, etc.) although the CNIL, official organisation in charge of protection of privacy, has declared them “disproportionate.”47

In March 2007, the British government was considering fingerprinting of children aged 11 to 15 as part of new passport and ID card (the latter having been recently implemented in the UK), also lifting opposition for privacy concerns. All fingerprints taken would be cross-checked against prints from 900,000 unsolved crimes. Shadow Home secretary David Davis called the plan “sinister.”44

Recently, serious concerns about the security implications of using conventional biometric templates in schools have been raised by a number of leading IT security experts, including Kim Cameron, architect of identity and access in the connected systems division at Microsoft, who cites research by Cavoukian and Stoianov48 to back up his assertion that “it is absolutely premature to begin using ‘conventional biometrics’ in schools”.

Biometric vendors claim benefits to schools such as improved reading skills, decreased wait times in lunch lines and increased revenues.49 They do not cite independent research to support this. Educationalist Dr Sandra Leaton Gray of Homerton College, Cambridge stated in early 2007 that “I have not been able to find a single piece of published research which suggests that the use of biometrics in schools promotes healthy eating or improves reading skills amongst children… There is absolutely no evidence for such claims”.

The Ottawa Police in Canada advised parents who fear that their children may be kidnapped to have their fingerprints taken.50

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Part 2 of Michelle Obama’s speech at the Democratic National Convention in Denver.

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How can I get a video of the 2008 Democratic National Convention?
It would be great if I could get a video of the 2008 Democratic National Convention. My step-dad has been heavily sedated at the hospital for the last few days. It would be great if he could watch it when he gets home.

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In 1936, the Democratic Party again gathered in Baltimore for their presidential political campaign convention. Vice President Martin Van Buren, the man who had masterminded Andrew Jackson’s campaign, was the party’s choice for president. Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky was Jackson’s choice for vice president, and the party followed his wishes.

Van Buren was the son of a tavern keeper from the small village of Kinderhook, New York. He had become a leader in New York state politics in what was then the Republican Party, and although eventually ran a political campaign to be elected senator, he remained in close touch with his state organization. He understood the importance of an organized, disciplined state party, and he had helped develop this organization as the Democratic Party was formed.

Van Buren had put his full effort into the political campaign that elected Jackson, and Jackson returned the favor by campaigning for Van Buren. He was an experienced politician–far more experienced than Jackson had been–and he believed deeply in the Democratic Party. He felt that the Democratic Party’s principles, low taxes, no national debt, states’ rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution, should be clearly expressed to voters.

His hope was that the party’s political campaign convention would focus on these ideas. Instead, the convention’s message to voters–the type of message that would eventually be known as the party’s platform–focused on party heroes like Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Jackson. The actual nominee was mentioned only once.

Despite Jackson’s support for his campaign and the backing of the organized Democratic Party structure, Van Buren barely won the popular vote, earning 50.9 percent. He did, however, receive a majority of the electoral votes and assumed the presidency in 1837.
The first national political campaign conventions were held in December of 1831 for the National Republican party. Their nominee for the presidency was Henry Clay. Five months later, 334 Democrats met in Baltimore. They represented every state except Missouri, and their unanimous choice for the nomination was incumbent President Andrew Jackson, with Martin Van Buren as his running mate.

This political campaign convention was an important milestone for the Democratic Party. Procedures were set up for future conventions and future nominations, ensuring that this was not Jackson’s party, but a party that would endure beyond a single election or a single candidate. Majority rule dictated which candidate would be chosen. Two-thirds of the delegates needed to approve not only the presidential but also the vice-presidential nominee.

Jackson easily won the political campaign and the election, and the Democratic Party was established not as a branch of the Republican Party but as a political party in its own right. Thanks to Jackson,it was identified as the party of the common man; the wealthy and the elite were labeled its opponents. The Democratic Party still retains some of this image today.

Following the political campaign of 1832, Jackson challenged the national bank system, shifting federal money from the national bank to a series of state banks. The banking issue prompted a group of businessmen and opponents of Jackson’s to band together to oppose the man they labeled “King Andrew I.”

They called themselves “Whigs,” after the British political party formed to oppose the king of England in the 1700s. Soon, they would develop into a political force, particularly in New England.

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Pres. Bill Clinton Address at Democratic National Convention

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Democratic convention?
Since Sen. Clinton and Obama had equal oppertunities (none) to campaign in Flordia and both of their names were on the ballot, those delegates should be seated. Since Sen. Obama was not on the MI ballot, that primary should be redone and MI should be represented at the Democratic convention ? who argess

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The next generation of websites will have a vastly different way of communicating information to their visitors. Websites will evolve into true communication platforms that will take advantage of the Web’s multimedia capabilities and the Internet’s broadband penetration.

The new website model will have the look, feel, and sound of your very own narrow-cast communication channel complete with audio and video programming and on-site personalities that will present and guide audiences through the maze of content. But unlike television, this humanized Web-experience will allow site visitors to make their own programming choices; audiences will be able to experience the content they want, when they want and in the format of their choice: audio and video, or text and graphics.

Why Websites Will Become Multimedia Communication Channels

1. There are millions of websites on the Internet representing millions of small and medium size companies with an enormous aggregate investment, and the vast majority of these websites are underperforming in large part because they have not taken advantage of the Web’s multimedia communication capability and the penetration of broadband transmission.

2. Business owners want to see better results but they are being stymied in part by their own lack of vision and unrealistic expectations, but more importantly by a conventional wisdom promoted by particular Industry interests that handicap website owners’ ability to capitalize on the Web’s multimedia communication capability and its democratizing economic character.

3. Up until recently, major search engines have stifled Web-based marketing communication by failing to develop appropriate measures with which to properly index Web-based multimedia presentations. With the popularity of Google Video, YouTube, and the advent of Google Video Ads, the search engines will develop the technological means to better index multimedia content.

4. Progress can only be halted in the short term. Multimedia communication technology and the Web’s ability to accommodate it have outpaced the Web’s gatekeepers. The limitations imposed by SEO strategists on delivering content cannot stop the demand for a more humanized Web-communication experience that provides material that is informative, meaningful, and memorable.

5. As successful as some companies maybe with their PPC (pay per click) programs, the vast majority of small and medium size businesses are not. It is impossible for every business that is prepared to pay for placement or for SEO-expertise to be number one or even on the first page in any particular search category. There are just too many companies in similar businesses, with similar objectives to all rank on the first page of search results. As a consequence businesses will begin to focus on delivering more effective content to truly interested Web-visitors who take the time to find you on the Web or who respond to your direct marketing efforts. More emphasis will be placed on how long visitors stay on a site, and what visitors learn and retain from that site rather than spending money on attracting just more random traffic.

6. With articles and books being written about the Web’s natural ability to access niche markets (‘The Long Tail’ by Chris Anderson), businesses will soon realize that delivering meaningful content to interested audiences takes precedence over attracting volumes of uninterested traffic. High volumes of traffic may be the goal of sites that make their money by delivering traffic to advertisers, but if you have your own product or service to sell, it’s about the quality of traffic not the volume.

7. Human beings are hardwired to listen, learn and retain information based on how the brain receives information. People just don’t like reading information on computer screens. The linear narrative (storytelling) delivered by the sound of a human voice, enhanced by the moving image of a real person is how information is most effectively transmitted. It’s about communicating the
message and how best to deliver the content.

8. The broadcast advertising model is not relevant to the narrowcast nature of the Web. Even websites that attract thousands of simultaneous visitors, still speak to one visitor at a time, and each of these visitors can experience your content in the order and at the time they choose. The Web audience for your offering wants content, and your Web marketing and communication techniques need to be adjusted to deliver your message as content and not merely as advertising.

9. The Web’s hyperlinked nature is a two-edged sword. As quickly as people can be directed to your site by high search engine ranking or reciprocal links, they can also leave at hyper-speed when they are frustrated by reams of text, outbound links, and distracting advertisements. People want content delivered in familiar, easily understandable, and digestible formats – audio and
video.

10. Advertising as we know it is dead. Two thirds of television audiences completely ignore or disengage from television ads, and website audiences learn quickly where the ads are on a website and then avoid them. If you what to make your point, get your message across, and attract interest in what you do, you have to provide quality content that is entertaining, compelling, and above all memorable.

The Narrowcast Communication-On-Demand Website

The narrowcast communication-on-demand website model will deliver information formatted in audio and video programs. Text and static pictures will be provided for those who need to print hardcopy information for reference purposes.

This model offers businesses the ability to take advantage of the Web’s full communication capabilities and the hardwired nature of people to respond to human-based presentations that enhance attraction, comprehension, and retention of information.

If you want to improve your bottom line using the Web, you have to start thinking differently. The same old marketing and sales models of the past are not going to work on the new multimedia Web. Web-audiences will demand more than a sales pitch or product specification sheet.

How to Convert a Static Website into a Multimedia Website

Traditionally websites are divided into sections that provide information on the company, the products and/or services, clients, help resources, company news and PR initiatives, and contact information.

These traditional website elements have to be reformatted into more effect program-style presentations using video interviews, expert opinion, and how to sessions, as while as audio FAQs, knowledge bases, and product or service descriptions. Testimonials, success stories and corporate histories can be turned into entertaining and compelling video documentaries that establish brand personality and build confidence.

The Web has evolved from its early days into a fully functioning multimedia communication environment. If you’ve followed all the rules and listened to all the conventional wisdom, and you’re still not getting what you want out of your website, maybe it’s time you tried a different approach.

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Illinois National Guard major and Iraq War veteran from the US state of Illinois. shakesville.com http

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Why have a the Democratic National Convention if the president nominee has already been chosen?
Ok, so we have a democratic national convention where the party selects its nominees for President? Didn't that already happen? Did the democrats and republicans pick their candidates from the beginning? I guess I am confused as to what goes down in the convention.

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